Abstract: This paper investigates the transient thermal characteristics of the drive winding in a synchronous induction coilgun under continuous pulse operation. An electromagnetic-thermal coupled model is developed in COMSOL and validated through locked-rotor tests. Key factors, including winding structure, pulse interval, and crowbar branch parameters, are analyzed for their impact on thermal accumulation. Results show that: (1) the multi-physics coupling model accurately characterizes the spatiotemporal distribution and dissipation of winding’s transient thermal; (2) increasing turns and conductor cross-sectional area significantly reduces winding’s peak temperature rise and mitigates heat accumulation; (3) longer pulse internals effectively slow the temperature rise rate caused by heat accumulation; (4) moderate crowbar resistance improves cooling, whereas excessive crowbar resistance induces current oscillation and impairs thermal management. This study clarifies multi-parameter influence patterns on winding’s temperature rise, offering important theoretical basis and engineering guidelines for the thermal safety design, lifespan assessment, and the multi-objective optimization of the induction coilgun.