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低温技术的发展及未来趋势

Development and future trends of cryogenic technology

  • 摘要: 工业革命以来,随着氮、氢和氦等气体成功液化,同时超导现象的发现,低温技术得以迅速发展。本文回顾了低温技术的发展历史,从被动利用天然冰到热力学理论建立与主动制冷技术的突破,特别是Joule-Thomson效应与超导现象的发现;介绍了低温技术的基本工作原理,包括绝热膨胀、节流效应和蒸气压缩制冷循环,并重点描述了G-M制冷机、脉管制冷机和稀释制冷机典型设备;阐述了低温技术在科学研究、工业生产、航空航天和能源运输等多个领域的应用;最后展望了低温技术向微型化、绿色低碳和智能化方向的发展趋势。

     

    Abstract: Since the Industrial Revolution, advancements in cryogenic technology have significantly accelerated due to the successful liquefaction of gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium, accompanied by the discovery of superconductivity. This article reviews the historical progression of cryogenic technology, tracing its evolution from the passive utilization of natural ice through the establishment of thermodynamic theories and breakthroughs in active refrigeration, particularly emphasizing the discovery of the Joule-Thomson effect and superconductivity. Fundamental cryogenic principles are described, including adiabatic expansion, throttling processes, and vapor-compression refrigeration cycles, with detailed discussions on three representative cryogenic devices: the Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocooler, the pulse tube cryocooler and dilution refrigerator. Furthermore, the paper elaborates on the extensive applications of cryogenic technology across scientific research, industrial production, aerospace, and energy transportation fields. Finally, it offers a prospective outlook on the development trends of cryogenic technology, highlighting directions towards miniaturization, environmental sustainability, and intelligent operation.

     

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