Abstract: Nuclear power generation plays an increasingly important role in the global energy system. However, along with the operation, maintenance and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, the disposal of a large amount of radioactive waste has become a challenge for nuclear power generation applications. Compared with the traditional incineration treatment technology, thermal plasma melting technology can provide a more efficient, thorough and environmental solution for the treatment of these wastes. In this manuscript, the waste sources and types of radioactive matrix produced by nuclear power plants are introduced firstly, then the main processes of plasma melting technology for the treatment of radioactive waste in the world are summarized. The application status and the research progress of plasma melting technology in China and abroad are described in detail. The advantages and challenges of plasma melting technology are stressed. It is believable that plasma melting technology has broad application prospects and great market potential in the field of radioactive waste treatment.