Advances in Cryopreservation of Tissues and Organs

In recent years, the rapid development of organ transplantation and related basic research has put forward an urgent need for high-quality preservation of complex tissues and organs. The lack of donor organs and the mismatch between donor and recipient limit its clinical application. Cryopreservation of islets can solve this limitation. At present, although the cryopreservation of small-sized biological samples such as cells and embryos has been successfully achieved, the existing cryopreservation technology still faces many bottlenecks for large-scale and complex tissues and organs. In particular, the application of engineering technologies such as vacuum and nanotechnology, as well as the deepening of the understanding of cryopreservation damage factors, have expanded the scope of traditional cryopreservation, and is expected to break through the current technical bottlenecks and organs of complex tissue cryopreservation. In this paper, the common methods and damage factors of cryopreservation of complex tissues and organs are reviewed, and the applications of vacuum and nanotechnology in controlling ice crystal growth and realizing uniform and rapid rewarming are described. This article reviews the common methods and damage factors for cryopreservation of complex tissues and organs, and describes the application of vacuum and nanotechnology in regulating and controlling the growth of ice crystals and realizing uniform and rapid rewarming. At the same time, it introduces the mechanism of advanced biomaterials to improve the cryopreservation effect and its application in cryopreservation, and puts forward suggestions for the future development trend of this field.